Personality Development Essay

Teacher’s Mental Health comparable to Personality Development of Students AbstractPurnima Sood Bhushan This examination is planned for finding the impact of teacher’s psychological well-being on the character advancement of understudies. The examination reasons that the instructors with great emotional well-being initiate all the more predominantly the outgoing person quality of character while on account of prompt educators with sick psychological wellness; Psychotic and masochist characteristics of character d among the understudies. The educationists everywhere throughout the universes are wrestled with one focal and comprehensive inquiry society of tomorrow †. †â€Å" What kind or sort of training is required for what sort of Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam, President of India from 2002 during a discussion on the teacher’s day in 2003, had expressed â€Å"2007, An understudy goes through 25,000 hours in the grounds. The school mus t have the best of instructors who can educate, love instructing and construct moral characteristics .† The improvement of character is one of the most significant and interesting territories in an individual’s life. There are sure inquiries that strike our brain †‘What have been the significant impacts on character development?’ ‘What are the components influencing the advancement of a child?’ In what course will the character create if the individual or individual gets particular sort of chances or mishaps; p articular sort of conduct; unequivocal decisions that it makes? The main problem in instruction: to see that when the understudies leave the school they are settled.

Principle of Management Term Paper free essay sample

Guideline of Management Term Report HR Management in HBL: Submitted To: Ms. Samra tayyab Date: 05th Jan, 2008 Acknowledgments We esteem it a respect to our regarded educator her direction and help that she has given all through this course of guideline of Management. On account of her understanding and expanded information over the subject, we were ready to comprehend the course as well as checked out her talks. Without her proposals and prompts we would not have had the option to create this report as indicated by their prerequisite of standard. In doing so we are thankful to the numerous individuals who have given their time and direction to help us in our report composing. Our extraordinary gratitude to Mr. Syed A. Shahab, AVP, Human Resource Department, Habib Bank Limited, who was extremely agreeable and given every one of us the significant subtleties relating to the extent of Information Management. We are additionally thankful to the individuals in the Corporate HR, MIS and Accounts Department for the point by point data with respect to the administration arrangements utilized in HBL. We will compose a custom article test on Guideline of Management Term Paper or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page We might likewise want to thank our family, companions, and course colleagues who were a nonstop wellspring of consolation and good help. We as a whole have endeavored to utilize our constrained time and assets to bring this report up to the ideal norm. Gathering Members: Rafay usman Shariq ameen Muhammad junaid ashraf Alina parvaiz khaula khan Executive Summary In this report we have applied all of what we have realized in this course. Extraordinary accentuation is laid on the mapping of Information Management Lifecycle onto HBL’s Human Resource Department. We have additionally referenced the various types of Information Management Solutions being utilized by HBL, and their job in the HR Department. To cause the data as precise as conceivable we to have visited distinctive office as to know how they disperse, share, gather, store, and recover data among themselves and the HR Department. By visiting the Habib Plaza, we came to realize that HBL is an enormous association spread around the world. The report takes an all encompassing point of view of the job of the executives in the Human Resource division of HBL. HR Department is liable for sending all the significant data and orders to the Global HR Department. Like some other association HBL depends on the HR office for the acceptance forms. Its capacities incorporate experiencing CVs, meeting imminent representatives, preparing and advancement, pay fixing, the approval of issues of employing and terminating workers, course of action of gatherings and classes and enrollment program. Human asset the executives is the vital and rational way to deal with the administration of an associations most esteemed resources; the individuals working there who independently and aggregately add to the accomplishment of the business goals. HBL’s HR office is right now utilizing two Business Solution Software; Misys and Internal Job Posting System. Misys is an exceptionally extensive Management arrangement and was bought for Billions of rupees, its absolute expense is kept classified. Misys is supposed to be a sort of programming which can deal with every single diverse sort of the Bank’s tasks including the HR Department. IJP then again is utilized for refreshing and giving data to enlist new representatives, both for national and universal opening. Substance |Topic |Page No. | |2 | |Introduction | |4 | |Identification of Information Needs | |4 | |Authorization | |5 | |Acquisition (Collection) and Creation of Information | |6 | |Organizing, Maintenance, and Storage/Retention | |7 | |Information Dissemination and Circulation or Usage | |7 | |Information Deletion | |8 | |Conclusions and Recommendations | |10 | |Bibliography | Introduction Habib Bank Limited (HBL) is the biggest bank in Pakistan and an altogether settled financial chain all through the world. A broad system of 1425 branches in Pakistan and 55 global branches makes it probably the biggest bank in Pakistan today. Habib Bank Plaza situated in Karachi, is the proper home office of the bank. The bank has a system outside Pakistan including USA, UK, Middle East, Asia Pacific and Africa. Habib Bank offers the accompanying administrations to its clients; †¢ Commercial Banking †¢ Corporate Banking †¢ Investment Banking †¢ International Group Banking †¢ Retail Banking †¢ Treasury †¢ Islamic Banking Habib Bank Limited has a different Global Human Resources office notwithstanding its corporate Human Resource Department. The significant elements of HR office are taken care of by the worldwide HR. After Habib Bank was privatized in 1997, the association was not totally decentralized. In this manner HR of each gathering is accommodating to the Global HR. HR the executives contains a few procedures. Together they should accomplish the previously mentioned objective. These procedures can be acted in a HR office, however a few undertakings can likewise be re-appropriated or performed by line-chiefs or different offices. †¢ Workforce arranging †¢ Recruitment †¢ Induction and Orientation †¢ Skills the executives †¢ Training and improvement †¢ Personnel organization †¢ Compensation in pay or pay †¢ Time the executives †¢ Travel the board †¢ Payroll †¢ Employee benefits organization Personnel cost arranging †¢ Performance evaluation †¢ Outplacement Identification of Information Needs The sole motivation behind the HR office is recruiting, terminating, enrollment, determination and preparing. Yet, the recognizable proof t he majority of the occasions is finished by the other utilitarian zone of HBL. That is, if some other practical division (Finance, Accounts, Operation or Marketing) needs extra staff, along these lines, it will recognize its need and discuss it with the Human asset office. Another undertaking of the HR division is the staff examination so when the hour of advancement or scaling down comes, the top administration needs to obtain data from the HR. Henceforth, HR needs to team up with other Functional Department Heads so it can advance the records of those workers who are qualified for advancement. Cost examination is one of the fundamental undertakings of the HR. The HBL President takes the help of HR in investigating the advancement of the bank. The HR is counseled to locate the current finance of the representatives in light of the fact that the HR bargains in the arrangement of compensations to the staff. Approval Although this has minimal significance in the HR, notwithstanding, there are some secret weapons included. At the point when the HR is the errand for enlistment of workers, it advances the demand to the Global HR which is the sole authority of the acceptance forms. There are net connections and firewalls. Greater part of the PCs are connected to intra net rather than web to shield from infections. Just top administration is permitted separated access to web. Thus in the event that some data is absent in the databases, at that point either first the workers need to contact the top administration and get approval to utilize the web or data is gathered from PCs outside the association. Procurement (Collection) and Creation of Information can be assembled by making or gathering. The HBL’s HR division gathers the data from the other utilitarian territories of the association (For e. g. ; Finance, Marketing, Accounts, NXE, Operations, and Leasing). At the point when the order for the enlistment, cost investigation or staff examination originates from the center directors, a duplicate of that is likewise sent to the top administration level for its affirmation. This is for the most part done not long before the order is given to the Global HR division. Whenever candidates react to the commercials of openings for work, their CVs, resumes and application structures are gathered likewise and afterward they are recorded in a legitimate and composed way with the goal that they can be sent to the Global HR office for the meeting procedure. For remote candidates, the HR division utilizes ‘Internal Job Posting System’ to send the accessible opening soon. The activity points of interest incorporate position, duties, aptitudes/information, grade/position, Vacant Positions, Educational Qualification and Years of Experience alongwith the applicant’s specifics performa. As such the securing and assortment of data is done in the best and productive way. [See Exhibit 1 and 2 on the Following pages, with the kindness of AVP, Group HR, HBL] Other methods of gathering data are: †¢ Performance Appraisals: It has a scale which gives the data about how well a worker is performing. †¢ Personal contacts inside and outside the association. †¢ Graduating registries from various colleges. †¢ Questionnaires to be filled by individuals from various divisions. These polls settle fair and square of fulfillment any activity turns that may be required. Sorting out, Maintenance, and Storage/Retention The data obtained is composed and put away in various manners. The requests for employment and CVs are sent to the HR division in the HB Plaza from everywhere throughout the nation. These records are then put away in documents and chronicles for future reference. HBL utilizes an exhaustive programming named Misys. This product is a business arrangement and can deal with huge measure of data, make archives, and aid almost a wide range of everyday activities. The data is put away on the server (information distribution center) in electronic organizations. Misys is likewise answerable for assessing the month to month compensations of the considerable number of representatives. This product additionally has the capacity of cost examination of the HR division on the constant proc

Thomas Becket :: Biography Biographies Essays

Thomas Becket  Thomas Becket during his life was a man of both respect and dishonor.â His choices, standards, and character made certain parts of his life good, and others dishonorable.â However, it is additionally critical to acknowledge who Becket was honoring.â The three most pertinent individuals he would respect during his life was himself, King Henry II, and God.   â â Many occasions during his life, Becket acted without honor.â For example, when King Henry isolated the congregation and state by making his capacity better than the church's, Becket turned into his right-hand by turning into the Chancellor of England.â While Henry's moves were political and financial, Becket choice to join the lord depended simply on loyalty and constancy to the king.â Becket didn't consider the results of what a split would do nor did he question and challenge the unctuous thought processes of the king.â Becket likewise demonstrated an incredible disrespect to both God and the ruler when he wore both the Chancellor and Archbishop ring.â He couldn't in any way, shape or form respect both, since the King's motivation didn't mix with the desire of God.â Thus he had a bogus respect to both.â Eventually, Becket settled on a decision to serve the respect of God over the ruler.   â â Becket was likewise a man of incredible honor.â He demonstrated veneration to his ruler by being steadfast and keeping his statement when he needed to surrender the lady he wanted to the king.â At this second, he additionally respected himself by indicating trustworthiness and guideline over enthusiastic values.â While chancellor, he served dependably by understanding his obligation to the lord and code of honor.â The one thing that demonstrated Becket to take care of business of genuine respect was the point at which he lowered himself before the cross and God and pledged his steadfastness to the unrivaled genuine leader.â After this point, Becket no longer demonstrations to serve the ruler's respect, however God's since he understands it is increasingly equitable and rewarding.â Through this choice he picked how he would live for the rest of his life.â He acknowledged his commitments as Archbishop of Canterbury and saw how he would unavoidably be compelled t o contradict the king.â He yielded his own life by safeguarding the realm of God and strikingly decided to seek after God's will.â This happens when he renounces the lord's organization to renege on his suspension choice.

Data Mining Essay - 550 Words

Data Mining (Essay Sample) Content: Essay, Computer sciences and Information technology Data miningStudent NameDateTypes of Data MiningEach type or form of data mining has various unique patterns as discussed below.Class DescriptionAs discussed in the book, Class description identifies the properties of a certain collection of data objects (Abouelhoda Ghanem 2010, p67). A good example is that of identifying properties of people who travel in smaller vans from those who use large buses. In this example, size is the distinguishing property. Another example is that which separates a group of people wearing red shirts from those wearing green shirts. This example uses color of the shirts as the distinguishing property. Class DiscriminationClass discrimination as discussed in the book identifies characteristics of different groups of people or objects. It is used to locate the properties, which separate a superior class from the inferior one. A good example is the method that identifies residents of a high -class suburb estate and those of shanty slum areas. Another example is the identification of the students taking their Masters Degree classes from the undergraduate students.Cluster AnalysisCluster analysis involves the grouping of a collection of items to make objects of one group have more resemblance with each other than with the ones on a different group. For example, in studying the social website usage, clustering can apply in the identification of user groups with large number of people. Another example is the division of multimedia data items as sound, graphics and text.Association AnalysisThis is the study of the connections between different groups of data (Omiecinski 2003, p57). For example, when many clients buy items, their information (data) is taken every day at the service points of the retail outlets. This forms the base of all customer transactions. Every record in the database forms a transaction, with a unique transaction identification field. The trader can per form analysis on the data to know the clients trend of buying.Outlier AnalysisThis is the identification of data items, which fall outside the expected range of measurement (Kantardzic 2003, p34). For example, when the ages of members of a group are being analyzed, it is possible to find the age of a person reading 12789 years. This is identified as an error because it is not practically possible to have ages of normal human beings being of that magnitude. Another example is that of various currencies involved in arithmetic computation without conversion. For example, add...

The 12 Most Common Blue, Violet, and Purple Minerals

Psychological And Emotional Factors Of Anorexia Nervosa

Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that makes people lose more weight than is considered healthy for their age and height. (1Anorexia Nervosa MedlinePlus) They may be afraid of gaining weight, even though they are are underweight. They will have extreme control over their food and calorie intake, and exercise intensely. Individuals with this condition usually have low to extremely low weight, and body fat. Most patients are malnourished. Patients with this disorder have a disturbed body concept. Disease Distribution This is an individual disorder and is not contagious, but will affect the whole family. The exact cause is not known. There may be many factors contributing to the disease. There may be genetic influence. People may be genetically predisposed to certain tendencies. Hormones may affect the development. Environment and our society have a huge impact on anorexia nervosa. Western society emphasizes being skinny is better, especially for young girls. Psychological and emotional factors can trigger and propel this disorder. Risk Factors There are many risk factors for anorexia nervosa. Simply being female makes for a higher risk, although males can also be anorexic. Age is a factor, being younger, especially a teenager, brings a higher risk of this eating disorder. It is less common among adults. Having a negative self image, or being focused on perfection. Family history also plays a part. Someone who has a close relative with anorexia nervosa is moreShow MoreRelatedEating Disorders And The Modern Era1481 Words   |  6 Pagesthat the illness has on an individual. The DSM-5 has found the â€Å"anorexia nervosa is a mental and physical disease that was recognized in France in the 19th century, usurped for England by Queen Victoria’s physician and subsequently adopted by many thousands of Americans† (7). Many other countries have adopted the same disorder such as, North America, Europe, Australia, Singapore and New Zealand (Beamont, 2006, P. 1). Anorexia nervosa disorder is caused by an individual not liking their appearanceRead MoreEating Disorders : Anorexia Nervosa1493 Words   |  6 Pages408 Hernandez Illness Paper – Anorexia Nervosa February 28, 2016 According to the Mayo Clinic (2016), eating disorders are â€Å"conditions related to persistent eating behaviors that negatively impact your health, your emotions, and your ability to function in important areas of life.† One such eating disorder is anorexia nervosa. Not to be confused with anorexia, which is simply a general loss of appetite that can be attributed to many medical ailments, anorexia nervosa is a serious eating disorderRead MoreEating Disorders And Their Effects On Victims Of Them1281 Words   |  6 Pagesbeing discussed is anorexia nervosa. Anorexia nervosa is defined as an eating disorder in which people suffer an obsession over their weight and body image, resulting in self-starvation and exaggerated weight loss. Many suffering with anorexia severely restricted the types and amount of food they eat, and often view their underweight bodies as overweight. There are many causes of anorexia as a result of both biological and environmental factors. Some exa mples of biological factors may involve geneticsRead MoreEating Disorders And Eating Disorder1410 Words   |  6 Pages An eating disorder is defined as a severe disturbance in eating behavior. An eating disorder, as defined by our text book for class, is psychological disturbances that lead to certain physiological changes and serious health complications. The three most common and most easily identifiable forms of eating disorders include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder. While most people who have eating disorders tend to be women from white middle-class upper-class families, eatingRead MoreEating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa1653 Words   |  7 PagesAnorexia Nervosa Anorexia Nervosa is one of several subtypes descending from feeding and eating disorders. It is a crippling life-threatening condition marked by a patient placing restriction on energy intake relative to needed energy requirements, resulting in a relentless pursuit of low body weight in the context of age, sex, development and physical health. According to American Psychiatric Publishing of diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5) â€Å"Anorexia Nervosa, often timesRead MoreEating Disorders And The Body Image1573 Words   |  7 Pageswould eat a smaller or larger portion of food, but at some point, the drive to eat less or more becomes out of control. Researchers are finding that eating disorders are caused by a complex interaction of genetic, biological, behavioral, psychological, and social factors. Researchers are using the latest in technology and science to better understand eating disorders. One approach involves the study of human genes. Researchers are studying various combinations of genes to determine if any DNA variationsRead MoreA Brief Note On Western Iowa Tech Anorexia Nervosa1069 Words   |  5 Pages Anorexia Nervosa Alma I Puga Western Iowa TechAnorexia Nervosa According to the National Institute of Mental Health, death from starvation, or medical complications, heart attacks or kidney failure, affects 1 out of every 10 cases of Anorexia. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that is most common in young adolescents girls . People diagnosed with this disorder have a distorted view of themselves and a fear of gaining weight. They often restrict how much food they eat in orderRead MoreDiagnostic And Statistical Manual Of Mental Disorders1631 Words   |  7 Pagesmental disorders (2013) or DSM-5 outlines the four feeding and eating disorders as, Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, Binge-Eating Disorder, and Other Specified Feeding and Eating Disorder (OSFED). These are complex and highly devastating disorders that cause health, emotional, and relationship problems (NEDA, 2016). These conditions should not be taken lightly due to their potential to cause long term emotional and physical health problems. Without professional help and an unders tanding of theRead MoreEating Disorders Are An Abnormal Approach Towards Food1315 Words   |  6 Pagesan individual physically and socially. The most commonly known eating disorders are: †¢ anorexia nervosa †¢ bulimia nervosa †¢ overeating – binge eating disorder Anorexia nervosa Anorexia nervosa (AN) is serious mental health disorder, which involves disturbed perception of body image (size and shape) along with obsessive desperation of being slim (National Centre for Eating Disorders, 2009). Symptoms of anorexia include, for instance: †¢ Significantly underweight due to restricted diet. †¢ DizzinessRead MoreEssay about eating disorders1286 Words   |  6 Pagesmillions of Americans each year (Eating Disorders 1). The most common eating disorders are Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Compulsive Overeating. These disorders are serious, and, when taken to extremes, can be life threatening as well. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;All eating disorders arise from a combination of long-standing psychological, interpersonal, and social conditions (Gurze 24). Several other factors such as family and personal problems, a low self-esteem, and the desire for the â€Å"ideal†

Adore EP by Jasmine Thompson free essay sample

YouTube knows her as the girl with the long hair and whispery voice. Only fifteen years old and with the voice of an angel, Jasmine Thompson is best known for her acoustic covers of pop songs. Her debut singer-songwriter EP, Under the Willow Tree, showcased her haunting power over drizzling piano melodies; and now, two EPs later, following her 2014 Take Cover, Thompson debuts a flavorful slew of remixed EDM. But if you, a faithful subscriber, are dreading the electronica takeover, â€Å"Adore† is still worth a try. Thompson’s songs are buoyed by her striking voice, and rich shadows draw on her every word. Even in an age of machina music, where everything sounds just a little scratchy, her songs impress, adding interest to mainstream pop. Besides, all of the songs are fully developed, addictive works of pop; the album’s crowning anthem, the titular â€Å"Adore,† is colorful with smoky hues and retro snaps, bringing to mind all the glorious imagery featured in the music video. We will write a custom essay sample on Adore EP by Jasmine Thompson or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page â€Å"Great Escape† soars with youthful adventure; â€Å"Do It Now† follows in suit, diverging from the path of simple romance. â€Å"Crystal Heart† is personal, embracing the walls we all keep around our private insecurities; it transitions into â€Å"Let Myself Try,† which flows with empowerment, punctuated by basic beats and spare drum rolls. Just wait until the songs get stuck in your headit really is something to adore.

To Kill A Mocking Bird-Prejudice Essays - Discrimination, Abuse

To Kill A Mocking Bird-Prejudice To Kill A Mockingbird Prejudice has caused the pain and suffering of others for many centuries. Some examples of this include the Holocaust and slavery in the United States. In to Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee racism was the cause of much agony to the blacks of a segregated South. Along with blacks, other groups of people are judged unfairly just because of their difference from others. The prejudice and bigotry of society causes the victimization of people with differences. Some who are discriminated against are those who are born differently than the majority. One person that is treated unfairly is Calpurnia, as you can see when Aunt Alexandra tried to get Atticus to fire Calpurnia, because in her eyes, Calpurnia wasn't a good enough female role model (p.136). This is a prejudice action, because Calpurnia is as good as a role model as Aunt Alexandra, if not better. Aunt Alexandra is a bigot and doesn't see the character of Calpurnia, just the color of her skin. Another person who is treated like an inferior is Scout by her teacher, because she knew how to read. She discovered that I was literate and looked at me with more than faint distaste. (p.17). Scout is treated like it is her fault that she knows more than the average child did. She learned earlier than others so she gets punished unjustly. Tom Robinson is also one who is discriminated by a biased community. Tom is found guilty by the jury in his case against the Ewells (p.211). The guilty verdict is a direct result of a racist community. Tom was never given a fair chance in the trial, even though that the evidence was proving him innocent. People that are born differently often get mistreated and are discriminated against. Another group that is treated poorly in the society based on bigotry, are the people who have chosen to be different. One who chose to be different is Dolphus Raymond. He pretended to be drunk so no one gave him any trouble on the way that he lived his life (p.200). The way a person lives should be there own personal business. He has the right to live differently than others if he feels that is the way he wants to live. Another person that lives differently is Boo Radley. Boo stayed inside his house for a number of years without ever coming out to interact with others. He didn't want attention that would come from the rumors that were said about him. Stories were made up about him and he felt it was best for him to stay inside. The people who chose to be different took a risk of being made outcasts of the majority of the society. The final group that was made to feel different was the group that defended and protected the minorities and the wrongfully treated people. Atticus was a good example of one who defended the different by defending Tom Robinson in his case. Atticus had integrity that gave him the strength to endure the ridicule that arose from his decision to defend a black man in a segregated area. Atticus was threatened and his children were treated poorly by their peers, because he had the courage to stand up for the oppressed. Sheriff Tate defends the different when he says, I never heard tell that it's against the law for a citizen t do his utmost to prevent a crime from being committed, which is exactly what he did, but maybe you'll say it's my duty to tell the town all about it and not hush it up. (p.276). Sheriff Tate is trying to protect Boo from the attention that could frighten him. The sheriff is doing the right thing by hiding the truth from the community. By defending the different, people take a chance of being known as strange or inferiors to the rest of the people that they are around. Throughout the story, people that are unlike the majority, get hurt. They are given obstacles that they have to overcome in order to survive. Some people in the world can survive these obstacles, and there are some that just give up. By fighting for your rights, people start to realize that character is the important attribute to a person. To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee showed me that the people with differences are not always doing things the wrong way. It is the majority that may be going at it all wrong.

Packet Generator Essays - Network Performance, Packet Loss

Packet Generator Essays - Network Performance, Packet Loss Packet Generator MOTIVATION / GOALS When it comes to real-world network throughput, there are as many opinions about network performance as there are network installations. Every network site is unique, and the performance of the network is a function of the number of stations contending for access to the Ethernet, the type of hardware in use (station interfaces, switches), the layout of the cables (are they the right type, right length, and do they meet the configuration guidelines?), the quality of the cable installation and the mix of applications. However, with the ever-increasing number of networks, the traffic over the Internet is going to be saturated and performance will be down. In light of this problem, the testing, simulating and troubleshooting of a network device become very important. Therefore, in order to develop a more efficient and effective method, the project's goals is To provide the users more functions and flexibility in terms of the packet arrival pattern and the packet size generation. To assess network or the network component's ability to support the given traffic load in terms of packet loss, delay, delay jitters etc. To source and sink real-time multicast/unicast UDP/IP traffic flows with optional support for operation with ISI's rsvpd. To transmit, receive and log time-stamped, sequence numbered packets. To provide a traffic controller using the Leaky Bucket method. INTRODUCTION Informations Technology personnel often look to network benchmark tests to measure monitor and predict the performance of the LANs. This is especially valuable in the case of high-performance backbones that continually support a large number of users and consistently high traffic volumes. However, the current technology of packet generator is very limited in functionality and usage. The project will aim to increase the flexibility of the packet generator in the following areas: Increase the range of options and flexibility with regards to the packet transmission pattern. Instead of just specifying the packet size, the user would be able to specify the distribution function he/she wants to be implemented. Add a traffic controller module to control the number of generated packets that is being sent to the network. Implementing the leaky bucket method and combining it with the dropping method for the traffic controller. HIGHER-LEVEL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF SYSTEM CONCEPT OF LEAKY BUCKET DROPPING METHOD LEAKY BUCKET ALGORITHM Background Our project was actually spawned from the idea of MGEN. It was actually designed and developed by The Naval Research Laboratory (NRL). Multi-Generator or MGEN is currently running on most operating systems, namely SunOS 4.1.x, Solaris 2.x, Intel-based Linux, NetBSD, etc. Furthermore, MGEN is a specific set of software that provides the ability to generate and receive packets through the network base on an input script file. However, the MGEN script is very limited in terms of its flexibility and functionality. For example, packet arrival generation can only be set to either a Periodic or a Poisson Distribution. Therefore, in order to exploit the MGEN's full capability, a Data Flow On command can be further developed. These two distributions do not represent the real time traffic flow in the network. Therefore, our project will involved developing this MGEN code and coding it in C language so that its packet generator pattern will have few more distributions that better represent a ne twork flow. Among the distribution functions we will include are Exponential, Uniform Distribution, Gamma Distribution etc. In addition, the packet size is to be changed from a fixed value to a varying amount of packet sizes. Also, we have to include the Traffic controller so that we will be able to control the new traffic flow generated by different distributions. As a result, the implementation of leaky bucket will be necessary in order to achieve this goal. Strategic Plan Proposed Approach Our first objective is to work on the packet generator module, study and develop the MGEN code, which was coded in C program. We will choose to run and develop our project on SunOS machines. Using the inputs specified by the users, MGEN will generates packets pattern to the network. The second step is to introduce different distribution functions and add them to the source code in the form of modules. So far, the Exponential and Uniform distribution are the two distributions to be added. Depending upon the progress of the project,

Risks Associated with the Internet as Part of a Business Solution Essay

Risks Associated with the Internet as Part of a Business Solution - Essay Example On the other hand, with frequently growing dependence on the Internet, this technology turns out to be the central infrastructure for the majority of necessary business tasks, as a result making them more susceptible to considerable Internet disturbances. Without a doubt, a variety of security threats and risks exist in all areas of the Internet, and the business processes that make use of the Internet. In this scenario, some of the probable risks and security challenges can comprise disruptions caused by coding error, malicious code, natural disasters that have significant impacts on fundamental Internet routers and hubs, and security attacks and threats posed by terrorists or other attackers. In case of ING business, their important accounting data would be transmitted through the Internet which can be hacked by a hacker and misused later on (Business RoundTable, 2007; Cisco, 2013). Â  The World Economic Forum has estimated that in the coming few years, there would be a 10% to 20% probability of an interruption of the serious information infrastructure that is one of the probably risks it researched. In addition, the global economic cost that the World Economic Forum has estimated goes beyond $250 billion, which is surely one of the biggest cost assessments of the risks examined. On the other hand, these financial flow impacts of an Internet problem or threat can cause a wide variety of challenges and problems for the business organizations. In this scenario, some of the problems can include lower incomes, decrease in efficiency, stock market crashes, reduced spending, a decline in consumer self-confidence and a possible liquidity disaster (Business RoundTable, 2007; Cisco, 2013). Â  Without a doubt, the business of ING Group heavily relies on the information technology and IT is being used in every region of ING Group.

Spiritual Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Spiritual Life - Essay Example This force pushes Luke and any fellow Jedi, or any pursing to be a Jedi, on to be something greater than they originally were, and it usually does so by having them confront and overcome some of their greatest fears and weaknesses. This â€Å"force† in a way mimics the â€Å"grace† that is defined by Scott Peck in the third and final section of his book, A Road Less Traveled. Grace, according to Peck is something that originates outside of human consciences that pushes man to confront their weaknesses and become something greater than they were, and in this way it aids in their spiritual growth. He states that it, â€Å"somehow pushes us to choose the more difficult path whereby we can transcend the mire and muck into which we are so often born† (266). In this way Peck views adversity or the unpleasant circumstances which some find themselves in, not as unfortunate happenstance, but as a way to grow and to become something greater than they could have been otherw ise. Examples of this can be seen all over our world today. People, who have been born into poverty and arise to become millionaires, people who come from abused homes only to become world famous physiologists. One such famous person, who was born into the most unpleasant circumstances and has arisen to become the wealthiest and most powerfully influential women in America, is Oprah. After taking a look at Oprah’s early life, the testing and trials she went through, her transcendence, and the lessons she learned, we can accurately view Peck’s version of grace, or the idea of a ‘force’, in action.... Oprah’s grandmother lived on a primitive farm, but she managed to teach Oprah how to read at the early age of three and took her to church faithfully. Oprah excelled at her grandmothers house, and would even recite scriptures in front of the church, much to the congregations delight. When Oprah was six her mother, who had finally found steady employment as a housemaid, took her to live in Milwaukee. Her mother had to work long hours at her new job so this left Oprah alone, most of the time, in their inner city apartment. It was alone in this apartment that Oprah was reportedly sexually abused by many male relatives and other visitors, until she finally ran away from home at the age of thirteen. Upon running away from home, she was sent to a juvenile detention center but was denied admission because the beds were filled. So by the young age of fourteen Oprah found herself on her own, living on the streets. She was self proclaimed sexually promiscuous during this time, and she g ave birth to a baby boy who died in infancy. Most would stop at this point of reading into Oprah’s early life, if they did not know of her, and guess that she went on to lead a meaningless life of prostitution or worse, got addicted to drugs and died at a young age. Her early life had given her nothing but hardship. According to Peck, however, it is by going down this road less traveled, or the road of hardship that enables a person to transcend. So it would be not what Oprah had gone through that became the defining factor in Oprah’s life but how she handled it that was the true test of what she could become. Now we will uncover how her life began to change for the better,

The Impact of Substance Abuse on the Adolescent Population Essay Example for Free

The Impact of Substance Abuse on the Adolescent Population Essay Introduction Understanding the scope of drug use and addiction in the world includes knowing the prevalence among various populations and researching the many health and social consequences. The United States is both the largest producer of drug research in the world and the world’s only â€Å"drug-control superpower.† The simultaneous leadership in social science and world agenda setting is not the result of a symbiotic relationship between American research and policy making.During adolescence, friends and peers become far more influential than before, and intimate dating relationships become primary interests (Laursen Williams, 1997). Along with these important developmental changes, however, come increased risks of pregnancy, sexually transmitted disease, and abuse by and toward dating partners (Leaper Anderson, 1997). As well, alcohol and drug use and abuse enters the picture, which may contribute to the occurrence of the other risk behaviors (Milgram, 1993; National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, 1999). Although some of these developments are harmless, there is a growing awareness of the importance of education and prevention to increase teens personal safety and responsibility. Not surprisingly, prominent adolescent risk behaviors are alcohol and drug abuse, unsafe sexual behavior, and dating violence-share many of the same contributing risk factors, although to important and differing degrees. These include problems related to the family, such as family conflict and violence, poor relationship attachment, early and persistent behavior problems, as well as peer and academic problems, such as school failure, peer rejection, and exposure to community violence. In addition to the above, teen pregnancy, early sexual intercourse, and risky sexual behaviors are associated with early onset of puberty, truancy, and delinquency (Kilpatrick, Acierno, Saunders, Resnick, Best, 2000). In the absence of compensatory factors, such as education and social competence, these varied risk factors can contribute to or become risk behaviors (e.g., alcohol use is associated with teen pregnancy and violence). Common Elements A common family element found among teens who engage in these high risk behaviors is the amount of time spent without proper adult involvement or supervision (Dishion, Capaldi, Spracklen, Li, 2005). Not surprisingly, children who grow up in caring and supportive homes are more likely to resist risky behaviors, while children who have grown up witnessing or experiencing alcohol abuse or violence in their homes, having poor family structure and insecure attachment-related experiences are more likely to be less resistant to these same risky, unhealthy behaviors. A description of the age, gender, and ethnic identities of youth who engage in high risk behavior is provided by the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance, which tracks data regarding many health risk behaviors for adolescents in the United States. According to this data, black youth, for example, report significantly higher rates of sexual intercourse before age 13 than do Whites and Hispanics, while White youth report the highest levels of forced sexual intercourse. Black youth also report less alcohol consumption at last sexual intercourse and higher condom use than do White and Hispanic youth. Not surprisingly, males report more alcohol use before the age of 13 than females, across all ethnic groups (YRBSS). However, these data on prevalence of self-reported adolescent risk behaviors is descriptive only, and tells little about the contextual factors contributing to such risk. While looking closer at some of the factors that may contribute to the mentioned risk behaviors, the one can see that alcohol use among teenagers remains prevalent in todays society. A national probability sample of 4,023 adolescents between the ages of 12 and 17 found that 15% of the sample used alcohol, 10% used marijuana, and 2% reported hard drug use in the past year (Kilpatrick et al. 2000). Although some alcohol consumption among adolescents is considered normative, there is great concern for the number of teens who are exhibiting signs of alcohol abuse or dependence with 7% of the above sample meeting diagnostic criteria for alcohol, marijuana, or hard drug abuse or dependence. Trends in alcohol use reported in the Youth Risk Behavior Survey indicate that binge drinking (five or more drinks on one occasion during the 30 days prior to the survey) has shown little variation over the past several years, ranging from 31.3% in 1991 to 33.4% in 1997 to 31.5% in 1999 (Centers for Disease Control, 2000). Binge drinking continues to be a problem among youth and needs to be targeted specifically. Importantly, studies have found that alcohol use influenced the practice or involvement in a number of other high-risk behaviors. Sexual activity, smoking, and drinking and driving were significantly related to heavy drinking. Another study examining trauma experiences among adolescents found that those who reported alcohol abuse or dependence were 6-12 times more likely to have a history of childhood physical abuse, and 18-21 times more likely to have a sexual abuse history (Clark, Lesnick, Hegedus, 2001). The continued increase in alcohol consumption among teenagers is cause for concern, particularly as it relates to and influences other risk factors and behaviors. Teen Addiction, Recovery and Relapse   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   These three (3) aspects are critical elements of this discussion because they are more closely related to reach other than originally recognized.   Teen addiction has often been linked to the risk factors that will be discussed in the later segments of this paper (Kilpatrick et al. 2000).   Teen addiction is often correlated to exposure to risk factors.   The causal link that has been found is that the risk activities that teens are exposed to often lead to drug addiction and dependency.   Alternatively, those that find themselves in drug related problems are often also found to take part in risk activities. The second element, teen recovery is also connected to all of these factors in that the success of recovery treatment depends highly not solely on the teen’s non-exposure to drugs but also with the withdrawal from all of those risk factors such as drinking, smoking and healthier dating relationships.   Finally, this section will also shed light on the relapse rate which has also been found to be closely related to alcohol and smoking problems.   As found in most studies, continued use of non-drug addictive substances also increases the relapse rate especially among teens.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As previously mentioned, teen addiction is often attributed to many different factors.   The foremost among these factors remain peer pressure, troubled childhood and lack of parental and substitute parental guidance (e.g. teachers).   These are well documented causes of teen drug addiction which will only be briefly discussed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While there are theories that suggest it may not be just one single element that promotes teen drug addiction, it cannot be denied that the aforementioned factors when taken together do increase the chances of teen drug addiction.   Given this fact, once these factors are added with the risk factors such as social acceptance which leads to increased sexual activity, drug addiction not only becomes guaranteed but continued substance abuse well into the late teens is also certified. In the book entitled, â€Å"Care of Drug Users in General Practice: a harm reduction approach†, it has been found that addiction to drugs is not always the primary addictive element and that in certain cases the addiction is to the other benefits derived from drug addiction that individuals find more appealing such as social acceptance and increased sexual activity (Phillips 2004).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The issue of recovery, as discussed in â€Å"Care of Drug Users in General Practice: a harm reduction approach† often cites that recovery is based on the same factors that caused the addiction but to a varying extent (Phillips 2004).   This basically means that in order for one to enter voluntarily, which has been found to have to lowest relapse rate, into drug rehabilitation programs, there is a need for the external aid.   The cause which began the substance abuse must also be willing to aid the individual in the rehabilitation stage.   An example of this would be sexually active teenagers who attempt rehabilitation but fail due to one of the partner’s refusal to enter the same program.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Teens are at a very impressionable stage and in order to be able to reach out to them one must be able to reach out to their peers.   This is easier said than done, however, since the clannish nature of most teenagers makes it almost impossible to be able to get on a more comfortable personal level with any of them (Phillips 2004).   Most drug rehabilitation programs have begun implementing peer outreach programs where the former successful teen patients volunteer to help the centers in reaching out to the troubled youth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Finally, the problem of relapse must also be discussed.   Relapse is often a greater problem than getting the addict to rehabilitation.   The reason for this is that maintaining the dissociation with drugs and the related elements requires constant vigilance without outside intervention (Phillips 2004).   Most of the problems that teen addicts face after rehabilitation lies in breaking away from comfortable and familiar ties who are often still exposed to the drug elements to which the teen seeks to break ties from.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There is a lot of literature on this matter which suggests that drug rehabilitation programs should equally pay attention to the â€Å"check out† stage of most recovered addicts.   While there is success in getting the addict to quit, for the time being, success can only be measured in its entirety.   In this dangerous and socially important aspect, partial success does not count as a victory (Phillips 2004).   What truly matters is getting the teen to totally isolate himself or herself from any factor which may bring about a relapse.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In order to tackle this problem, it is important to maintain peer programs such as the AA and the like that have constant monitors on their members.   There are programs that have already instituted these types of programs but most have failed due to the lack of commitment by most of its members (Phillips 2004).   Teen drug addiction is not an easy problem to admit as most teens often find themselves in denial of their addiction and take it instead as a growing pain that everyone goes through (Phillips 2004).   Yet, as revealed earlier, the teen drug abuse rates reveal a different story.   Therefore, in order to address the problem of drug relapse, most teenagers must be able to realize that the addiction was not just a part of growing up but rather an experience that is avoidable and must not be repeated. Teen Treatment Systems   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This section will briefly tackle the issue on treatment systems such as counseling or outpatient services and its effects on the adolescent population whether it is helpful or only helpful when combined.   At the onset, it must be stated that as a part of the rehabilitation system, the issue on counseling and/or outpatient services is critical.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As previously mentioned in the prior section, many of the treatment systems that have been implemented do not focus solely on counseling alone but also include other treatments such as outpatient services and extracurricular activities (Philips 2004).   Counseling, as discussed in a number of studies, is only effective up to a certain extent.   While generally considered as a more passive approach to treatment, newer and more dynamic systems have also been added to the treatment (Botvin 2005).   It has been found that counseling is only the initial step in teen substance abuse rehabilitation.   It must be complemented by more dynamic systems as teen outreach programs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The value of an addict for his or her life is greatly increased when seen in the context of aiding the community.   These new treatment systems have been developed specifically to target teens.   The reason for this is that it allows for the effective isolation from the harmful and detrimental substance abuse elements and allows the addict or individual to be â€Å"reintroduced† as a productive member of society and the community (Botvin 2005).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The second step in this process is the outpatient service that is offered.   The problem of relapse is common among teenagers and as such effective outpatient services to monitor the teens is necessary.   The greatest danger comes from not being able to maintain the positive and productive environment for the adolescent.   This is perhaps the single most important step in keeping the teens from relapsing into substance abuse (Botvin 2005). Teen Addiction and Risk Factors As such, it is also relevant to discuss how addiction manifests itself in relation to certain aspects such as risky behavior because certain studies have shown that drug addiction is intensified by these elements as well. Dating Relationships Teens generally begin dating, either singly or in small groups, between 13 and 18 years of age, with a range of variability regarding frequency, level of intimacy, seriousness, and importance of these relationships. An illustration of dating, intimacy, and sexual experiences and expectations is provided by an in-depth survey conducted by the Kaiser Family Foundation and YM Magazine, involving 650 boys and girls ages 13-18 years (Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation and YM Magazine, 1999). They discovered levels or stages of intimacy that developed by age of the youth; that is, intimacy progressed as the youth developed in age chronologically, not as the relationship progressed in length. Most 13-14-year-old teens (72%) reported that it is typical for dating couples their age to kiss, with 45% reporting that French kissing, petting (15%), and intercourse (4%) are expected. Adolescents 15-16 years of age expected an increased level of sexual activity, with 93% reporting kissing, and slightly higher rates of French kissing (71%), petting (48%), and intercourse (28%) as normative. Couples at this age typically spend more time alone together. Older teens (ages 17-18 years) have significantly more sexual experience, with 57% reporting petting to be typical and slightly more than half (52%) reporting intercourse to be typical of their dating relationships. Just as intimacy becomes more involved and prevalent in older teens relationships, so does the significance of the relationship. Although teens continue to value relationships with parents, siblings, other family members, and nonrelated adults, relationships with dating partners begin to gain in importance. Gender differences emerge in how relationships develop in significance and closeness during the adolescent years. A study of the network of relationships among younger adolescents found that dating partners were ranked 6th out of 7 in terms of support received (i.e., companionship, intimacy, instrumental help, affection, enhancement of worth, nurturance of the other, and reliable alliance). By mid-adolescence, dating partners were tied for second place with mothers and, in college, males rated their dating partner as the most supportive person in their network, while females gave equally high ratings to partners, same sex friends, siblings, and mothers (Furman Buhrmester, 2002). A similar study comparing dating and non-dating adolescents found older adolescents and males interacted more frequently with romantic Clinical Issues in Intervention dating partners, whereas younger adolescents and females divided their social interaction time among several relationships (Laursen Williams, 1997). What is not clearly understood, however, is how these relationships emerge in early adolescence, and how these relationships transform over the course of adolescence. Gender differences in expectations and closeness may lead to conflict and tension in dating relationships, if these expectations are not clearly understood or reciprocated. Patterns for more high-risk youth (e.g., those involved in dropout prevention and alternative school programs) stand in contrast to these normative patterns. Of high-risk youth, 35% report being 13 years or younger at first intercourse, 33% were 14-15 years old, and 13% were 16 years or older (OHara et al., 2003). Obviously, youth with other risk behaviors (such as alcohol abuse or school problems) are more likely to also engage in high-risk sexual behavior. Monitoring dating abuse and violence among adolescents is fairly new. Surveys of high school students report 36%-45% of students experience any form of violence in the relationship as a victim or perpetrator (OKeefe Treister, 2003). Recently, a measure of physical abuse in dating relationships has been added to the Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Intentional physical violence, including being hit, slapped, or physically hurt on purpose by a boyfriend or girlfriend, was reported by 8.8% of youth in the 2005 Youth Risk Behavior survey (YRBSS, 2005). A series of focus group studies with adolescent males and females ages 14-19 years regarding teen dating relationships revealed many disturbing attributions regarding harassment and abuse in dating relationships. Factors that caused violence as reported by the teens were grouped into individual, couple, and social levels (Lavoie, Robitaille, Hebert, 2000). Individual factors attributed to the aggressor included jealousy, the boys need for power, and alcohol and drug use. During focus group discussions, youth identified factors attributed to the victim including provocation by the girl, previous experience with violence, a victim personality type (i.e., one who is easily preyed upon), and a strong need for affiliation. Factors attributed to the couple included communication problems and sadomasochism. There was endorsement for consensual violent sex, meaning that a little force during intimacy was considered acceptable as long as both partners agreed. Although consensual, the youth did regard this as sometimes being problematic because partners have agreed to the violence, but may not be sure when one or the other has then crossed the line. Teens in this study frequently attributed blame for violence in the relationship to the victim. Importantly, physical violence in a dating relationship has different ramifications for males and females. While there is a trend to believe that males and females are equally violent, there is evidence that females perpetrate more violence than males out of self-defense. There are also differences in the severity of violence experienced, as well as the impact it has on the victim (Foshee, 2006). A study of high school dating violence revealed that girls experienced significantly more severe physical violence than boys (Jackson, Cram, Seymour, 2000). Females were more likely to be punched and to be forced into sexual activity, whereas males were more likely to be pinched, slapped, scratched, and kicked. The physical effects of the violence were more severe for females, with 48% reporting that it â€Å"hurt a lot† or caused bruises (29%). Males (56%) more frequently reported that it did not hurt at all. Reaction to the worst incident of violence in the relationship also was assessed. Males most frequently reported that they laughed (54%) in reaction to the situation, while females reported a number of other responses: crying (40%), running away (11%), and fighting back (36%); 12% reported that they obeyed their partner. Sexual assault and forced sexual intercourse also occur at an alarming rate during adolescence (9-10% of first sexual intercourse experiences were forced). Males perpetrate more sexual dating violence than females, and females sustain more sexual violence than males (Foshee, 2006). Sexual Activity among Adolescents While it is easy to track female pregnancy rates, adolescent males are typically not researched or surveyed regarding their histories of fathering pregnancies. A study of urban African-American male youth regarding pregnancy history and other health-risk behaviors indicated that 24.2% reported a pregnancy history. These males were 14 times more likely to report three or more sex partners in the last year, more than five times as likely to report a sexually transmitted disease history, and more than three times more likely to test positive for drugs than males without a pregnancy history. Safe sex practices also seem to be of little concern to these males, as they were 2.5 times as likely to be inconsistent or nonusers of condoms during sexual intercourse (Guagliardo, Huang, DAngelo, 2006). Disturbingly, a study of youth in dropout prevention and alternative school programs assessed for risk of HIV/AIDS prevention found that use of alcohol and drugs and age of sexual initiation were significantly associated with a high risk profile ile for AIDS/HIV (OHara et al., 2003). Males (29%) were more likely than females (14%) to use alcohol and drugs before having sex and were more than likely to have had sex with two or more partners (males, 78%; females, 22%). Early onset of sexual intercourse is cause for concern, particularly as it increases the likelihood of increased numbers of sexual partners and condom nonuse during the adolescent. Increased numbers of sexual intercourse partners has been correlated with risk behaviors such as unintended pregnancy, HIV/AIDS, and other sexually transmitted diseases. Connections between dating violence and alcohol use were found to be among the strongest predictors for an increased number of sexual intercourse partners for Black and White adolescent males and females (Valois, Oeltmann, Waller, Hussey, 2003). Younger dating youth who have older partners may be at greater risk of experiencing dating violence. Not including cases where physical force was threatened or used at first sexual intercourse, 34% of male partners of 11-12 year old females were five or more years older; 12% of male partners of 13-15 year old females were five or more years older; and 7% of male dating partners of 16-18 year olds were five years or more older (Leitenberg Saltzman, 2000). Although the disparity in age range between the male and female partners seems to decrease as females get older, such disparity has important prevention implications. Information about onset of sexual intercourse is available, but information is scarce about feelings regarding the experience, planning for the event, and discussion regarding birth control or safe sex practices before intercourse has occurred (Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation and YM Magazine, 1999). Females tend to feel more pressure to participate in some form of sexual activity and are more concerned about what friends, peers, and the dating partner think of them. Motivation for initiation of sexual intercourse has not been significantly examined. Predictors for early initiation of sexual intercourse include a belief that they are more mature than their peers, early physical maturity, a tendency to use hard drugs, and a desire for earlier autonomy from parents (Rosenthal, Smith, de Visser, 1999). Research regarding individual risk factors and risk behaviors has been conducted primarily in isolation. Recently, research into how these many behaviors are related has begun to take place. Making the links between these factors and behaviors may have important consideration when designing prevention programs. Making the Links The links between adolescent risk behaviors described above merit careful investigation. While it is understood that these behaviors do not usually occur in isolation, there seems to be no clear understanding of how they operate together, and what the ramifications might be for adolescent dating relationships. The survey data presented earlier shows that some adolescents begin drinking at an early age, and many begin to experience sexual intercourse at an early age. Undoubtedly, there are serious health ramifications to these issues (i.e., potential for pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases, alcohol and other drug dependence, and increased aggression). Typically, researchers have considered these ramifications in the context of the individual, a lot depends on the occurrence of these behaviors in peer and dating relationships, and the possible impact on individuals and relationships. Linking Alcohol and Sexual Activity A report written by the Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse used data from two prominent surveys in the United States: the 1997 Youth Risk Behavior Survey; and the 1995 National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, regarding adolescent risk behaviors to develop a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of the connections among alcohol, drug use, and all aspects of sexual activity and violence (National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, 1999). Again, the links among dating violence and alcohol and sex are not explicit. However, significant findings from this report reveal that teens who use alcohol and drugs are more likely to have sexual intercourse, initiate sexual intercourse at an earlier age, have multiple sex partners, and be at greater risk for sexually transmitted diseases and pregnancy. Early onset of drug use and number of years of sexual intercourse has been found to be associated with increased numbers of sex partners. In addition, students with more partners are more likely to be heavier drug users. The Kaiser Family Foundation study found that almost two in ten (17%) teens, aged 13-18, who have had an intimate encounter, admit having done something sexual while under the influence of drugs or alcohol that they otherwise might not have done. One in three (32%) girls, 17-18 years of age, have had this experience. Linking Alcohol and Intimate Violence The links between alcohol use and marital aggression have been documented, but the same attention has not been shown to adolescent dating relationships. Only recently have questions regarding dating violence been added to the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (Centers for Disease Control, 2000). Substance abuse is frequently linked with sexual violence. Alcohol has been named the primary culprit for date rape on college campuses (National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, 1999). A study of college men and women found that 78% of undergraduate women experienced sexual aggression, and 57% of men reported being sexually aggressive. Dates that included sexual aggression were more likely to include heavy drinking or drug use, in comparison to the last date that did not include sexual aggression. Among high school students, experiencing dating violence has been identified as a salient risk factor for females for using alcohol or street drugs, and increases the odds 20-fold for alcohol and drug use (Wekerle, Hawkins, Wolfe, 2001). There is a move toward establishing a better understanding of the significance and links among adolescent risk behaviors. With this understanding comes a need to develop new prevention programs that deal with these risk behaviors in a broader sense, rather than in isolation. Adolescent Risk Behavior and Drug Prevention Programs Prevention programs developed over the past decade have been targeted specifically at adolescents for a number of risk behaviors: dating violence, alcohol abuse, drug abuse, pregnancy prevention, safe sex programs, and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases, to name a few. Literature reviews and program evaluation studies point to the conclusion that programs may be successful at providing information and delaying onset of the risk activity, but long-term prevention of the focused risk behavior is seldom achieved. Evaluation of prevention programs in all of these areas has been limited due to methodological problems, such as inadequate standardized measures, ambiguity of terms (e.g., defining dating relationships), lack of multiple informants and control groups, lack of trained facilitators, and long-term follow-up issues. Some programs are developed for universal prevention, while others are targeted at groups considered to be at greater risk based on presence of known risk factors. Undoubtedly, good prevention programs are derived from theory, input from youth, and practice. There are several theories that have contributed to the creation of prevention programs for dating violence, substance abuse, and pregnancy or safe sex education. Social learning theory postulates that youth are vulnerable as a result of the social environment in which they are raised. Negative family, peer, and community influences will contribute to risk for adapting to negative behaviors. Problem behavior theory relies on the belief that some youth may have a natural tendency for deviance or nonconformity and, therefore, may be more likely to engage in problem behaviors. Adolescents may engage in alcohol consumption or early onset of sexual intercourse because they perceive it as a means to achieve a goal, that is, peer acceptance, or to cope with boredom, unhappiness, anxiety, or rejection (Botvin Botvin, 2002) Theory and model testing of problem behaviors in a recent study of early adolescents found support for a model that included specific factors related to aggression, drug use, and delinquent behaviors, and a higher order problem behavior factor (Farrell, Kung, White, Valois, 2006). Life-skills training programs that have been developed based on problem behavior theory are built on the philosophy that targeting the underlying determinants (such as personal and social competence skills) will affect the factors that cause the risk behavior. Similarly, social bonding theory links healthy attachments to family and school as factors that protect youth from deviant behavior; unhealthy attachments are regarded as risk factors (Farrell, Kung, White, Valois, 2006). Instead of focusing on preventing something negative from happening to youth, some recent programs emphasize youth involvement and empowerment, which shifts the focus to promoting positive youth development. In this approach, youth are considered as assets and resources rather than problems or â€Å"targets.† Prevention programs, such as the Youth Relationships Program have expanded the role of theory to include youth empowerment as a central theme in educating youth about positive, healthy relationships program and the avoidance of violence and abuse. Several factors have been identified as being essential components of prevention programs among adolescents, regardless of the topic. The location of the program is often debated as to whether schools or other community service agencies are better. In the case of sexuality and education prevention programs, there is no question that these programs should be offered in schools; however, what programs should be taught remain a concern (Kirby Coyle, 1997). Some groups favor teaching abstinence until marriage only, while others favor education regarding contraception and sexuality. Similarly, dating violence prevention programs have been offered in schools and in community service agencies with varying degrees of success. These programs may be most effective when embedded in a declared school context of â€Å"zero tolerance† for any type of school violence. The advantages of school-based programs include access to youth, space, and time, and staffing support. The disadvantages include concerns that truant youth, who may need the program most, are not available in the schools; disclosures of abuse in the classroom may not be handled well in a large classroom situation; a large group may not be a safe place to discuss personal beliefs and attitudes; and learning may be limited to only the school context of the individuals life. These concerns notwithstanding, the main advantage of community-based programs has been the development of community partnerships. Although the advantages may not be inherently evident in the results of the prevention program itself (i.e., preventing something bad is hard to prove), such programs appear to reduce duplication of services, increase cooperation and efficiency among service providers, and help integrate services into the community. In turn, communities that have a â€Å"face†-a reputation for cooperative and active prevention-have significantly reduced the perceived and actual levels of violence, even in the poorest neighborhoods (Sampson Morenoff, 1997). Advocates of prevention programs favor sustained, long-term efforts in education to make prevention successful. Programs should be on-going from kindergarten to the final year of high school, and should be especially intensive just prior to the age of initiation of substance use or similar risk behaviors. Unfortunately, it seems that this does not transfer readily into practice. In the case of sexuality education in Canada, a report by the Council of Ministers of Education indicates that curriculum time in schools available for sexuality education has been reduced as health education becomes combined with physical and career education. Fewer public health nurses in schools also severely reduced the quality and availability of preventive sexual health education services to adolescents (Council of Ministers of Education of Canada, 1999). Pregnancy prevention and sexuality education programs, while deemed extremely important in reducing teen pregnancy rates and incidence of sexually transmitted disease, are critically received by a number of groups and agencies when being implemented in communities. Differing views regarding how to handle this issue conflict with effective program implementation. For example, some religious and moral beliefs dictate that youth should remain abstinent during adolescence, that parents are responsible for protecting their children from negative influences, and that education will positively influence knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs. Programs that focus on abstinence or pregnancy prevention have typically been delivered to females only. While females need to take responsibility for their choices and actions, males also need to be educated about the same issues in order to make responsible choices as well. Males who have unprotected sex are also at risk of becoming fathers and contracting sexually transmitted diseases (Pierre, Shrier, Emans, DuRant, 2006). Substance abuse prevention programs have typically been school-based and education focused (Botvin Botvin, 2002). Evaluations of earlier programs have consistently found them to be ineffective. One school-based intervention was able to show significant reductions in drug use enduring for six years after implementation of the program. The success of this program was attributed to teaching a combination of resistance and social competence skills, the proper implementation of the program, and sufficient length for program with at least two years of booster implementations (Botvin, Schinke, Epstein, Diaz, Borvin, 2005). The Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (Brounstein Zweig, 2000) has identified six prevention strategies that can be used in combination to develop prevention programs that focus on risk and protective factors for substance abuse, including: information dis semination, prevention education, alternatives, problem identification and referral, community-based process, and environmental approaches. The Center for Substance Abuse Prevention has recently completed an analysis of substance abuse prevention programs that have been evaluated. Rigorous statistical criteria for evaluation were adopted, resulting in the definition of eight model programs which have adopted a combination of these prevention strategies, representing a number of age groups, as well as universal, selective, and indicated prevention for children and youth (Brounstein Zweig, 2000). Of all these programs, only one included information regarding sex or health education, and one provided information and skills for violence and gang prevention and conflict resolution. Although these programs were successful in reducing risk factors and increasing protective factors, they did not demonstrate alcohol and drug use prevention. Unfortunately, there are no existing programs that address alcohol and dating violence prevention together. Although some alcohol abuse prevention programs do discuss or deal with aggression, it is usually in the context of community violence not intimate interpersonal violence. A review of prevention programs that focus on teenage sexual risk behavior indicated that they also were narrowly focused to one aspect of this behavior, that is, abstinence only, contraception programs, and HIV/AIDS awareness programs (Kirby Coyle, 2007). It is time to begin linking these risk behaviors together in universal and targeted prevention efforts, focusing on the intimate and personal effects of these risk behaviors on teenage dating relationships. Adolescence provides an opportunity to enter into discussions regarding the impact, consequence, and prevalence of these behaviors and explore the perceived benefits and drawbacks of these risk behaviors. Prevention programs can offer an opportunity for youth and adults to engage in discussions regarding the motivators for initiating these behaviors and relevant information regarding short term effects. Prevention of specific risk behaviors requires community coordination and varied input. Parents, teachers, school officials, health care workers, and community workers need to be part of strategies to prevent risk behaviors. Community organizations and resources have learned to work collaboratively on a number of issues, including violence, alcohol, drug use, and the prevention of pregnancy. Collaboration and coordination helps to reduce costs and improve efficiency as well as build community. The growing research provides evidence that youth may possess a number of concurrent risk factors for any of the behaviors that are outlined in this chapter. There is overlap among the risk factors and behaviors and, therefore, prevention programs need to better consider the clustering of these components and develop programs that will address a number of these issues simultaneously (Saner Ellickson, 2006). However, intervention and prevention programs have been weak in helping youth to manage risk and anticipate risky situations in advance. Because all risks cannot be eliminated, youth need to learn how to manage them. Prevention programs that make youth aware of how they may be at increased risk in certain situations and provide skills to deal with or avoid the situation may be most promising. References Botvin, G.J. Botvin, E.M. (2002). Adolescent tobacco, alcohol, and drug abuse: Prevention strategies, empirical findings, and assessment issues. Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics,13(4) 290-301. Botvin, G.J., Schinke, S., Orlandi, M.A. (2005). School-based health promotion: Substance abuse and sexual behavior. Applied Preventive Psychology,4, 167-184. Brounstein, P.J., Zweig, J.M. (2000). Understanding substance abuse prevention. Toward the 21st century: A primer on effective programs. Washington, DC: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Centers for Disease Control. (June 9, 2000) Youth risk behavior surveillance-United States 1999. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 49, 1-96. Clark, D.B., Lesnick, L., Hegedus, A.M. (1997). Traumas and other life events in adolescents with alcohol use and dependence. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,36(12), 1744-1751. Council of Ministers of Education of Canada. (1999). Schools, public health, sexuality and HIV: A status report. Toronto: Author. Dishion, T.J., Capaldi, D., Spracklen, K.M., Li, F. (2005). Peer ecology of male adolescent drug use. Development and Psychopathology, 7, 803-824. Farrell, A.D., Kung, E.M., White, K.S., Valois, R.F. (2006). The structure of selfreported aggression, drug use and delinquent behaviors during early adolescence. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 29(2), 282-292. Foshee, V.A. (2006). Gender differences in adolescent dating abuse prevalence, types and injuries. Health Education Research,11(3), 275-286. Furman, W., Buhrmester, D. (1992). Age and sex in perceptions of networks of personal relationships. Child Development, 63, 103-115. Guagliardo, M.F., Huang, Z., DAngelo, L.J. (1999). Fathering Pregnancies: Marking health-risk behaviors in urban adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 24, 10-15. Jackson, S.M., Cram, F., Seymour, F.W. (2000). Violence and sexual coercion in high school students dating relationships. Journal of Family Violence, 15, 23-26. Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation and YM Magazine. (1999). 1998 National Survey of Teens: Teens talk about dating, intimacy, and their sexual experiences. Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation. Kilpatrick, D.G., Acierno, R., Saunders, B., Resnick, H.S., Best, C.L. (2000). Risk factors for adolescent substance abuse and dependence: Data from a national sample. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(1), 19-30. Kirby, D., Coyle, K. (2007). School-based programs to reduce sexual risk-taking behavior. Children and Youth Services Review,19(5/6), 415-436. Laursen, B., Williams, V. (1997). Perceptions of interdependence and closeness in family and peer relationships among adolescents with and without romantic partners. New Directions for Child Development, 78, 3-20. Lavoie, F., Robitaille, L., Hebert, M. (2000). Teen dating relationships and aggression. Violence against Women,6(1), 6-36. Leitenberg, H., Saltzman, H. (2000). A statewide survey of age at first intercourse for adolescent females and age of their male partners: Relation to other risk behaviors and statutory rape implications. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 29, 203-215. National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse. (1999). Dangerous liaisons: Substance abuse and sex. New York: Author. OHara, P., Parris, D., Fichtner, R.R., Oster, R. (2003). Influence of alcohol and drug use on AIDS risk behavior among youth in dropout prevention. Journal of Drug Education, 28(2) 159-168. OKeefe, M. (2003). Factors mediating the link between witnessing interparental violence and dating violence. Journal of Family Violence,13(1), 39-57. Pierre, N., Shrier, L.A., Emans, S.J., DuRant, R.H. (2006). Adolescent males involved in pregnancy: Associations of forced sexual contact and risk behaviors. Journal of Adolescent Health,23(6), 364-369. Rosenthal, D.A., Smith, A.M., de Visser, R. (1999). Personal and social factors influencing age at first sexual intercourse. Archives of Sexual Behavior,28(4), 319-333. Saner, H., Ellickson, P. (2006). Concurrent risk factors for adolescent violence. Journal of Adolescent Health, 19, 94-103. Sampson, R.J., Morenoff, J. (1997). Ecological perspectives on the neighborhood context of urban poverty: Past and present. In J. Brooks-Gunn, G.J. Duncan, J.L. Aber (Eds.), Neighborhood poverty: Vol. 2. Policy implications in studying neighborhoods (pp.1-22). New York: Russell Sage Foundation. Valois, R.F., Oeltmann, J.E., Waller, J., Hussey, J.R. (203). Relationship between number of sexual intercourse partners and selected health risk behaviors among public high school adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 25(5), 328-335. Wekerle, C., Hawkins, D.L., Wolfe, D.A. (2001). Adolescent substance use: The contribution of child maltreatment and violence in teen partnerships. Development and Psychopathology, 34, 571-586. YRBSS: Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (2005). Retrieved October 27th from:   http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5505a1.htm

Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath vs. Sinclair’s The Jungle Essay

Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath vs. Sinclair’s The Jungle The global appeal of the so-called American dream of happiness and success has drawn many people to the â€Å"promised land† for hundreds of years. Although the American government preached equality for all on paper, it was driven primarily by money. Both Upton Sinclair and John Steinbeck recognized this and used literature to convey the flaws of capitalism. Sinclair’s The Jungle satirized America’s wage slavery at the turn of the century and forty years later, Steinbeck’s novel The Grapes of Wrath criticized the commercialism of American farming. These two books, often viewed as propagandistic, employ similar persuasive strategies: strong imagery, heavy symbolism, biting irony, and a proposal to correct the situation. Despite these parallels, however, the authentic diction and syntax of Steinbeck’s writing deviates from the inconsistent style of Sinclair. After considering how each author manipulates various stylistic elements, The Grapes of Wrath proves to be a more cogent tract. The most obvious rhetorical device in The Jungle is its powerful imagery. Sinclair offers repulsive anecdotes of work in the packinghouses. His description of the killing beds in winter vividly lingers in the mind of the reader. During winter, Sinclair says, the vicious cold of the beds caused the men to â€Å"tie up their feet in newspapers and old sacks.† By the end of the day, the frozen blood of slaughtered cattle soaked through their improvised boots so that â€Å"a man would be walking on great lumps the size of the feet of an elephant.† Sinclair also claims that when workers fell into the open vats on the floor in â€Å"tank rooms full of steam,† their absence passed unnoticed, often â€Å"over... ...beck describes them. Because the family concentrated on farming instead of schooling, their country phrases are fitting. Steinbeck’s convincing portrayal of Dust Bowl migrants grabs the reader’s emotions, producing a compelling argument. Overall, The Grapes of Wrath proves to be a more effective novel that The Jungle. Although The Jungle shares some of the same rhetorical devices, its unrealistic dialogue and long-winded sentences detract from its potency. Steinbeck and Sinclair both successfully use imagery, symbolism, and irony to persuade their audience. In both books, various symbols emphasize the deceptive nature of the American dream, and irony mercilessly illuminates the unjust aspects of capitalism. Ultimately, however, because The Grapes of Wrath is so genuine, Steinbeck proposes a solution for crooked capitalism more successfully than Sinclair.

Improving Communication on Overloaded Staff Essay

When the number of employees is to short compared to the tasks they have to accomplish, there is really a tendency to have overloaded employees which, in consequence, produce unaccomplished tasks. In the end, the burden only accumulates and the company shoulders them all. As the manager, I am not allowed to get more employees to distribute the tasks evenly. This worsens the case. The business went slow and things could worsen if more tasks are not done. It may even stop the business from recovering. As much as I would want my boss to understand the case, he cannot see the bigger picture and I am left with the problem all by myself. The first thing I would have to do would be to ask for our own office and I would transfer my office near the employees. That way, I could easily supervise them and the handing of the tasks won’t be difficult. I find that the reason why my staff doesn’t heed to my requests is that the requests I made are not personal. They could easily ignore my e-mail messages or even pretend that they do not receive the message which would be unusual because I should have received a message failure notice. If I could be there to personally hand in the tasks with the employees, I think, there would be no reason or, at least, less reasons why they would find it difficult to handle the task because there would be a free discussion among us. The information dissemination would be a lot easier. Any confusion and conflicts would also be easily resolved if I am present. The presence of a leader is important in any organization and in any activities of that organization. I also think that one reason why my staff feels overloaded is that they have been performing poorly. In the first place, I won’t be giving them tasks if I don’t think they would be able to finish it. As a manager, I have to be reasonable without compromising the desired outcome of our business. I will give them tasks one at a time so we could be sure that none of the tasks overlaps. That way, they won’t be able to complain about overloading. I’ve mentioned that they may have been performing poorly that is why there is task overload. I think that they fail to finish tasks on time or maybe, they would start on something new without finishing the previous tasks so tasks pile up. The solution to that would be good supervision. Supervision would allow us to see if the tasks are done at the specified time and if the tasks are already piling up. For accumulation of tasks, I’ve said that I will be giving tasks one at a time so it will never be a problem. If, in unavoidable circumstances, there would be a need to perform tasks simultaneously, I think I think I would have to apply my management skills. It may have been possible that the staff feels lax. It is because nobody supervises them. With the presence of an authority, they won’t be that lax. I think that the atmosphere in the office has not been good because none was there to lead. In my previous observation, I have also found that my staff doesn’t know how to prioritize. Making priorities would never be my problem because I have the skills in managing. I could do the prioritizing for them. The thing is, as a team, we won’t be that effective if only I do all the initiative and just pass on tasks on them. As a manager, I really do have the right to assign. However, as a leader, I also have the responsibility to put the drive on my subordinates. I have to turn them into passionate employees because as much as I try to lighten the burden on my employees, if they really do not enjoy what they are doing, we will have a difficulty in being productive. I have to influence them and even teach them management skills because everyone needs that. In essence, my presence in the office will allow me easy supervision among the employees.

The Rise Of Democracy Throughout Europe Essay - 1947 Words

The Rise of Democracy in Europe The rise of democracy within Europe was vital to the importance of the individual, and was marked by a transition from the governing by one feudal lord, to the governing by an elected official. This transition brought change not only to humanistic thinking, but also enabled mankind to have basic human rights which improved life for the country’s citizens. This shift of thinking to the rights of individuals was spurred by the Protestant Reformation and the creation of the social contract which enabled a perfect atmosphere for the rise of democracy within Europe. During the feudal system, military lords ruled the people with little regard for human rights. The people were used only as pawns for the wellbeing of the feudal system and were seen as such, but with the rise of an economy based on money instead of land, the feudal system began to rapidly decline. As the feudal system dwindled away, the individual rights of man increased with the rise of the market economy, which in turn propelled the spirit of democracy within the people (International Center for Peace and Development ). While money began to circulate within this new type of economy, the financial stability of the monarchs began to collapse, while the merchant class was becoming wealthy. This transition of wealth tore down the stronghold that had suppressed the population during the feudal system, and allowed the wealthy merchant power to become important political figures.Show MoreRelatedThe History of Politics Essay1469 Words   |  6 Pagesreason has not always been the case in the historical spectrum. Throughout the course of history, politics has changed from being a totalitarian regime to permitting the people to determine some of their collective destiny. 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